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彭佳妮:公共关系中的危机公关
时间:2010/1/13 20:36:05,点击:0

摘要:危机处理是公共关系活动中日益引起重视的管理思想和生存策略,特别是在全球化加剧的今天,企业或组织一个小小的意外或者事故就会被扩大到全国、甚至更大的范围内,产生掩耳不及迅雷的恶化后果。网络因其优势可以使企业或组织更快地将有利信息传达给尽可能多的公众,但也同样会加快不利信息的传播,带来难以想象的舆论压力。因此,企业必须清楚网络时代的危机处理规则与技巧,才能将不利转化为有利。
关键词:公共关系    危机公关    网络危机

我曾经看过一部电影,《全民超人》,《全民超人》让大家看到的一个与以往不同的超人,睡在大街人如同流浪者,而且酗酒!拿着酒瓶在高楼林立的城市上空飞行。由空中落地时比较野蛮——掉落在马路,路面会被毁。如果不巧是落到汽车上,此车就此报废。逮捕犯罪分子过程中,如果犯罪分子不巧超人惹怒,那犯罪分子就可能会连人带车享受到免费的空中飞行,当然高楼就不免会被弄碎玻璃。犯罪分子是被逮到了,但是人们却不感谢超人,在新闻报道中说:“这次超人又让政府遭受多少万美元的损失”,群众则对着摄影机说:“超人离开这个城市,这个城市不需要你”。但超人是幸运的,他救了一个人,一个公关顾问。当然救人过程同样毁坏严重,火车头出现一个人形凹槽,后面车箱脱轨。当人们纷纷责超人时,顾问过来握住超人的手,然后对周围的人们说:“你们应该感谢超人,因为他我现在还活着”。为表示感谢超人,顾问请超人家吃饭,并说愿意帮他改变在市民心中的形象。在这里就蕴含了一个危机处理的概念。
由于企业的管理不善、同行竞争甚至遭遇恶意破坏或者是外界特殊事件的影响,而给企业或品牌带来危机,企业针对危机所采取的一系列自救行动,包括消除影响、恢复形象,就是危机公关。危机公关属于危机管理系统的危机处理部分。另外定义:又称危机管理.它是组织在自身运作中对发生的具有重大破坏性影响,造成组织形象受到损伤的意外事件进行全面处理,并使其转危为安的一整套工作过程。而公关危机,则是企业在进行公共关系活动的时候,由于执行操作不当而引起的对企业有负面影响甚至带来灾难的事件和因素。前者是指企业在面对危机时应采取的公关措施,后者指企业在公关过程中所遇到的危机。
危机处理是公共关系活动中日益引起重视的管理思想和生存策略,特别是在全球化加剧的今天,企业或组织一个小小的意外或者事故就会被扩大到全国、甚至更大的范围内,产生掩耳不及迅雷的恶化后果。因此在新时代,企业或组织更应该建立起完备的危机紧急处理系统,并懂得如何运用新的技术全方位地有效传播和控制信息,使损失降低至最低限度。危机处理包括两个方面的涵义:一是处理“公共关系危机”,二是用公共关系的策略和方法来处理危机。
危机处理的第一步是正确认识危机,这是极其重要的一步,往往因为无法正确认识危机,导致在处理上产生极大的误差,徒然扩大损失,增加处理成本。认识辨识危机是危机处理的第一个环节。危机处理者应能在关键的刹那认识危机已经降临,并立即辨认,是何种危机,随即确定处理方向,若如此方能在危机处理上奠定良好的基础。同时,还应该掌握危机处理的趋势与结构,能掌握危机的趋势与结构,在危机处理上,方能作成有利的决策,不致弄巧成拙,带来许多无谓的损耗。另外,危机何时发生,的确难以预测,这是因为引发危机的因素非常之多,尤以外在环境变动时所产生的危机,更难以捉摸。危机发生通常过程:潜伏期、发生期、善后期、复建期四个过程。公关强调的是人与人之间的交流,但企业通常是很难站在舆论的最前沿的,因为站在社会伦理的立场上,企业是不准控制舆论的,而对企业的自办媒介又只能面向企业以及行业所属的范围。因此网络的开放性给企业提供了很好的宣传自己、规避风险的途径,同时网络信息的高速传播和受众的覆盖面又成为危机得到迅速控制的有力保证。
网络因其优势可以使企业或组织更快地将有利信息传达给尽可能多的公众,但也同样会加快不利信息的传播,带来难以想象的舆论压力。因此,企业必须清楚网络时代的危机处理规则与技巧,才能将不利转化为有利。首先,应该建立日常的网络维护和检测系统。通过建立自己的网页及时把企业和组织信息传达给受众,在线回答消费者问题,引发讨论,并适时与消费者进行线上线下的互动。危机之前与公众的关系亲疏决定了危机的扩散程度和解决速度,同时,也方便了在危机发生时受众在第一时间内获得有利信息。而且良好的检测系统可以使组织随时通过搜索引擎来检索有关组织的有利和不利信息,清楚组织的舆论环境,建立网络防护网,降低公众对组织信息的不确定性。其次,危机中可通过电子公告板、电子邮件、网络论坛以及著名新闻网站信息渠道对外发布信息,特别是前三种方式,实现了传统媒体所难以做到的互动性,将一种由上至下的信息流通方式延伸为的“滚雪球”式的平行传播。在这种平等开放的交流平台上形成的舆论影响超过了传统媒介中组织告知式的接受效果。每个人都可以自由地发表自己的言论,自己的言论又会受到他人的重视和传播,这种被尊重、被认同的心理优越感大大地减少了企业的信息流通时公众的抵制情绪。杭州市委不就是因为其平民话的传播方式而拉近了政府与受众的距离吗?同时,网络还具有信息的“放大”功能。例如电子邮件,组织发的信件不仅针对的是收件人,还希望有一个转发的潜在群体,而事实上这个群体是存在的。Alexander Ogilvy公司将有效传播E-mail的方法进行归纳,发现其中一个关键因素——群体感,就是说收件人在向他人转发这封信的过程中,可以充分表现自己的聪明睿智和展示自己正直向善的人品,例如组织发送的有关中毒之后的紧急处理的邮件等,都会在收件人的这种意愿中转发,信息的受众群不断被扩大,信息的效应也随之被加大。而且这种群体感的认同是组织引导舆论时的一个良好的受众心理基础。最后,还可利用网络的多种媒介平台和形式的多样性,采用企业处理危机的部分实况转播报道,危机中和危机后的民意调查等形式与受众进行深入的互动沟通,配合其他传播方式形成强大的信息网络,尽快扭转局势,重建形象。网络作为近年来的危机处理的一个新手段,除了在内容和形式上的不懈创新外,如何通过对信息流通渠道加强管理或其他方法提高网络信息的信任度也是个值得关心的问题,因为诚实是始终放在危机公关第一位的。
无论什么样的危机,正确只有正确处理而不是消极应对才可以化险为夷,又或者在危机的推动下会有出乎意料的公关效果。

参考文献:
[1] 赵振宇,《新闻传播策划导论》,华中科技大学出版社,2003年第1版
[2] 贾亦凡:《昨天的历史,今天的新闻》,《新闻记者》1996年第10期。
[3]秦启文: 《现代公共关系学》,西南师范大学出版社

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